Timeline from 1890 to 1900 - Significant Events

Course of events from 1890 to 1900 - Significant Events Decade By Decade: Timelines of the 1800s 1890 July 2, 1890: The Sherman Anti-Trust Act became law in the United States.July 13, 1890: John C. Frã ©mont, American adventurer and political figure, kicked the bucket in New York City at the time of 77.July 29, 1890: Artist Vincent Van Gogh passed on in France at 37 years old in the wake of shooting himself two days earlier.October 1, 1890: At the encouraging of John Muir, The U.S. Congress assigned Yosemite a National Park. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/chAHJL3RZYHpmAUw92WZiYkQPq4=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-555330289-5c4a34f346e0fb00017adcc1.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/UrH7CBP0R2m1ZTdwgCFsRT3BEBc=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-555330289-5c4a34f346e0fb00017adcc1.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/6XPxUez21sEClIAY70M71kvLpXM=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-555330289-5c4a34f346e0fb00017adcc1.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iDjB2u-uh7l92MJDfWnucAQwBTc=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-555330289-5c4a34f346e0fb00017adcc1.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ufL4mK2Hf0mUqcBn82PHw9f8kKw=/1024x753/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-555330289-5c4a34f346e0fb00017adcc1.jpg src=//:0 alt=Yosemite National Park, California, around 1865 class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-5 information following container=true /> Carleton E. Watkins/Getty Images December 15, 1890: Sitting Bull, amazing Sioux pioneer, kicked the bucket at 59 years old in South Dakota. He was executed while being captured in the governments crackdown on the Ghost Dance movement.December 29, 1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred in South Dakota when U.S. Mounted force troopers terminated on Lakota Sioux who had assembled. The slaughtering of many unarmed men, ladies, and youngsters basically denoted the finish of Native American protection from white guideline in the West. 1891 February 14, 1891: William Tecumseh Sherman, Civil War general, passed on in New York City at the period of 71.March 17, 1891: The St. Patricks Day march in New York City started utilizing the conventional course up Fifth Avenue.April 7, 1891: American entertainer Phineas T. Barnum passed on in Bridgeport, Connecticut at the time of 80.May 5, 1891: Carnegie Hall opened in New York City. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HuJfjnEA5LtdsBepKfoCNhW64G4=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515485496-5c4a35d2c9e77c0001f07ed1.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/oLqHb4qOczu0cE1ShOkxuNbnozk=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515485496-5c4a35d2c9e77c0001f07ed1.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KUOejckkDfqPmZLTa4OcwvCB0Sg=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515485496-5c4a35d2c9e77c0001f07ed1.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_xeS_PaVH9CS8Irf5ehraopnjUU=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515485496-5c4a35d2c9e77c0001f07ed1.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/sjXrLS2fzVdDKNaBgZNHm3dluDw=/1024x795/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515485496-5c4a35d2c9e77c0001f07ed1.jpg src=//:0 alt=Carnegie Hall in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, in the time of its opening, 1891 class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-11 information following container=true /> Gabriel Hackett/Archive Photos/Getty Images June 25, 1891: The character Sherlock Holmes, made by Arthur Conan Doyle, showed up in The Strand magazine for the first time.September 28, 1891: Herman Melville, creator of Moby Dick, passed on in New York City at 72 years old. At the hour of his demise he was not well recollect for his great novel about whaling, however more for prior books set in the South Seas.October 6, 1891: Irish political figure Charles Stewart Parnell passed on in Ireland at the time of 45.December 4, 1891: One of the most extravagant men in America, lender Russell Sage, was almost blown to pieces in an unusual explosive assault in his Manhattan office. 1892 Walk 26, 1892: American artist Walt Whitman passed on in Camden, New Jersey at the time of 72.May 28, 1892: Writer and naturalist John Muir established the Sierra Club. Muirs crusading for preservation would apply an impact on American life in the twentieth century.July 6, 1892: The Homestead Steel Strike in western Pennsylvania transformed into a savage day-long fight between Pinkerton men and townspeople.August 4, 1892: Andrew Borden and his better half were killed in Fall River, Massachusetts and his girl Lizzie Borden was blamed for the horrifying crime.November 8, 1892: Grover Cleveland won the U.S. presidential political decision, turning into the main president to serve two non-continuous terms. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/T0eIYFDiEvrZujzLTl1A84Xkito=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-635229029-5c4a377646e0fb00015eb78f.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/19AgxVxSSOc_vwYuq8Ag2v1UxQM=/446x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-635229029-5c4a377646e0fb00015eb78f.jpg 446w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/x3InFxNoMFzetj5y5jbB3G7bgzM=/592x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-635229029-5c4a377646e0fb00015eb78f.jpg 592w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SsGzVRqyNIshl3j2PB0z5xJ-HMI=/885x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-635229029-5c4a377646e0fb00015eb78f.jpg 885w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/EU0fi7vMsMQbqd18fWxeVaVw_kg=/1024x885/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-635229029-5c4a377646e0fb00015eb78f.jpg src=//:0 alt=President Grover Cleveland (1837-1908) was chosen leader of the United States twice, in 1884 as the twenty-second president, and in 1892 as the twenty-fourth president. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-17 information following container=true /> Oscar White/Corbis/VCG/Getty Imagesâ 1893 January 17, 1893: Rutherford B. Hayes, who became president following the contested appointment of 1876, kicked the bucket in Ohio at the time of 70.February 1893: Thomas A. Edison wrapped up his first movie studio.March 4, 1893: Grover Cleveland was initiated as leader of the United States for the second time.May 1, 1893: The 1893 Worlds Fair, known as the Columbian Exposition, opened in Chicago. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/85NhRtuuc3ZaNscplZyb-n-HuAY=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640487159-5c4a3853c9e77c000165c3fa.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3QvH-XHi4CFv3y7EOC_MIZQifm0=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640487159-5c4a3853c9e77c000165c3fa.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Oq7sZnj-mw7xSgkSKtI2Bdx1fJ8=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640487159-5c4a3853c9e77c000165c3fa.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KCZuwPfedlhgifyp3nSHRmi5_ys=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640487159-5c4a3853c9e77c000165c3fa.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_WTKFq22_f16-jmh4xh9cejgzMI=/1024x804/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640487159-5c4a3853c9e77c000165c3fa.jpg src=//:0 alt=Construction of the Mines and Mining Building for the 1893 Chicago World's Fair class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-21 information following container=true /> Â Frances Benjamin Johnston/Library of Congress/Getty Images May 1893: A decrease in the New York securities exchange set off the Panic of 1893, which prompted a financial downturn second just to the Great Depression of the 1930s.June 20, 1893: Lizzie Borden was absolved of murder.December 1893: The British open was shocked when Arthur Conan Doyle distributed a story in which Sherlock Holmes evidently kicked the bucket. 1894 <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/onkY_9g1e76FxXrid-AB7sESaHg=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Coxeys-Army-01-56a486ac3df78cf77282d8fb.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/7HEr4pAwTDfcet-txAsWRtT-Vgo=/725x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Coxeys-Army-01-56a486ac3df78cf77282d8fb.jpg 725w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/K-en8xTMNGVadPh_GnEqX-BFK_4=/1150x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Coxeys-Army-01-56a486ac3df78cf77282d8fb.jpg 1150w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/eUyFIYsYyGgk1wti0nT1rWpP7Lk=/2000x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Coxeys-Army-01-56a486ac3df78cf77282d8fb.jpg 2000w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/guw7H06n77kWZuTh7NZtu5z4M5I=/2000x1423/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Coxeys-Army-01-56a486ac3df78cf77282d8fb.jpg src=//:0 alt=Members of Coxey's Army on the walk. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-25 information following container=true /> Â Getty Images Walk 25, 1894: Coxeys Army, a walk to fight joblessness that was to a great extent the consequence of the Panic of 1893, left from Ohio on its approach to Washington, D.C.April 30, 1894: Coxeys Army arrived at Washington, D.C. what's more, its pioneers were captured the following day. The requests of Jacob Coxey, which concentrated on extraordinary government mediation in the economy, would in the long run move into the mainstream.May 1894: The Pullman Strike started, and spread all through the

11 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Quotes

11 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' Quotes Robert Louis Stevenson made abstract history with his novel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This account of the double character being represented during a clinical test has been told and re-told in adjustments since it was first distributed in 1886. The epic turned out to be famous to such an extent that the expression Jekyll and Hyde has come to mean somebody whose conduct changes dependent on the circumstance theyre in.â The Nature of Evil I grade to Cains sin, he used to state interestingly. I let my sibling go to the demon in his own specific manner. Mr. Gabriel Utterson, Chapter 1 The keep going I think; for, O poor old Harry Jekyll, if at any point I read Satans signature upon a face, it is on that of your new companion. Mr. Gabriel Utterson, Chapter 2 My apprehensions slope to a similar point. Fiendish, I dread, established - detestable made certain to come - of that association. Ay genuinely, I trust you; I concede (for what reason, God alone can tell) is as yet sneaking in his casualties room. All things considered, let our name be retaliation. Mr. Gabriel Utterson, Chapter 8 Statements About Fear It was for brief that I saw him, yet the hair remained upon my head like plumes. Sir, if that was my lord, why had he a cover upon his face? Mr. Poole, Chapter 8 O God! I shouted, and O God! over and over; for there before my eyes - pale and shaken, and half swooning, and grabbing before him with his hands, similar to a man reestablished from death - there stood Henry Jekyll! Dr. Lanyon, Chapter 9 On Jekyll and Hyde Behavior You start an inquiry, and its like beginning a stone. You sit discreetly on the highest point of a slope, and away the stone goes, beginning others, and by and by some dull old winged animal (the last you would have thought of) is thumped on the head in his own back nursery and the family need to change their name. No, sir, I make it a standard of mine: the more it would appear that Queer Street, the less I inquire. Mr. Enfield, Chapter 1 I am horrendously arranged, Utterson; my position is an odd - an exceptionally unusual one. It is one of those issues that can't be repaired by talking. Dr. Jekyll, Chapter 3 With consistently, and from the two sides of my knowledge, the good and the erudite person, I hence attracted consistently closer to reality, by whose fractional disclosure I have been bound to such a shocking wreck: that man isn't genuinely one, however two. Dr. Jekyll, Chapter 10 Sometime in the not so distant future, Utterson, after I am dead, you may maybe come to get familiar with the good and bad of this. I can't let you know. Dr. Lanyon, Chapter 6 On Endings I promise to God I will never see him again. I tie my respect to you that I am finished with him in this world. It is all at an end. Also, in reality he doesn't need my assistance; you don't have any acquaintance with him as I do; he is sheltered, he is very protected; mark my words, he will never more be known about. Dr. Jekyll, Chapter 5 Here at that point, as I set out the pen and continue to seal up my admission, I bring the life of that troubled Henry Jekyll to an end. Dr. Jekyll, Chapter 10

HOPE Changes for 2011-2012 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

HOPE Changes for 2011-2012 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions HOPE Changes for 2011-2012 I have previously written about the changes that occurred to the GA HOPE program this year, but I wanted to give everyone a link to the Office of Student Financial Aids HOPE changes page so everyone can see the specifics of the new regulations added by the GA legislature. Since early August is the time of year when students need to work with the UGA Bursars Office to take care of their enrollment costs, both the Office of Student Financial Aid and the Bursars Office have been receiving a large number phone calls and emails. Since the changes made this year were somewhat complex, I am thrilled that the people in Financial Aid have been able to give such a great breakdown of the changes and how it impacts current and incoming students (and it also will be good for future students to review as well)! I hope this helps answer some of the questions surrounding the HOPE changes, and we are looking forward to the start of classes in about 10 days. Go Dawgs!

Newborn Fatality And Midwifery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5388 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Every child born into the world is a new thought of god an ever fresh and radiant possibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? -Kate dauglas Wiggin Health is the most important, sought-after thing in the world by all, no matter who we are, when well- cared for their earliest years, children are more likely to survive grow up the first month is crucial importance, in terms of health care. The health of women and children is the basis of a healthy family and a healthy nation. This is particularly true of children whose healthy future depends on proper care during the first year life (UNICEF, 2002).Newborns are the blessings for today and tomorrow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Newborn Fatality And Midwifery" essay for you Create order The newbornà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s body is most supersensitive, delicate, immature and susceptible from which can easily harmed if not taken care of newborn. The birth of a baby is an event a moment which creates a great joy and wonder of godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s gift, a gift of god in the life of parents. From the moment of birth, many parents are loved to involve in the care of the newborn. The first care given to a neonate include placing him/her in a warm environment , suctioning the oropharynx and nose , cleaning the eyes , clamping and cutting the cord ,checking the weight , tying the identification tag and mummifying the baby. First time the mother smiles when the newborn is cry and she forgets the pain. The newborn, once separated from the mother in the process of delivery, undergoes certain fundamental changes in which he/ she leaves the sterile environment of the uterus and moves into the outside environment .This separation occurs through the severing of the umbilical cord. Afte r birth, the cord is no longer needed, and is cut, leaving a short stump Behind on-pathogenic bacteria such as coagulate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"negative staphylococci, e-coli, and streptococci, clostrium tetani may also be present on the skin and can track up the umbilical stump causing infection (ZUPAN et a l à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2005). The UNICEF report released at the National conference on child survival and development in New Delhi, claims that out of nearly 26 million children born in India each year, 1.2 million die during the first 4 weeks .This is the 30% of the 3.9 million global neonatal deaths. According to current report (neonatal mortality) of 44/1000 live birth accounts for nearly 2/3rd of all infant deaths (death before the age of one) and nearly half of under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" five children deaths in India. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s NMR significantly from 69/1000 live births in 1980-50/1000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"live births in 1990 .In recent years NMR has remained static onl y dropping four points from 48-44/1000 live birth in 1995 and 2000. The main causes of neonatal deaths are low birth weight and infections (Indian express, 2004). One million newborn infants die every day by multiple of organisms which often enter in to the body via the umbilicus. The other contributing causes of umbilical cord infection includes maternal factors like maternal infections e.g. amionitis, repeated vaginal examinations during labour, duration of rupture of membrane, unhygienic practice of delivery, delivery conducted by untrained dais, environment factors like cleanliness of the ward and caregiver with severe infection, upper respiratory infection and neonatal factors like small for gestational age, preterm newborns ,birth condition during labor like me conium stained liquor, umbilical cord infection had caused many neonatal death before aseptic technique were used .In developing countries umbilical cord infections constitute a major cause of Neonatal morbidity and pose significant risk for mortality, in the environment as the umbilical outbreaks of cord infection continue to occur even in developed nurseries (Zupan et al 2000). The hospitalized neonates may get infection from various sources like tube feeding, unhygienic cloth, avoidance of baby bath, using many cosmetics, etc. Environment as the umbilical cord is a means of entry for systemic infective agents that colonize the skin of the newborn. Umbilical cord is the only route of entry for microbes, because it has opening in the umbilicus, even though the cord clamp was there in the cord It is therefore essential to keep the cord clean to prevent infection and promote a normal healing until the stump dries up and falls off by giving umbilical cord care during the transition period. SIGNIFICANCE OF AND NEED FOR THE STUDY In midwifery practices, the newborn care is an important aspect and the kind of care and attention given immediately after birth and later is greatly valued. Umbilical cord care is very important since infections of the cord can be so fatal that it may even lead to the death of the neonate. Despite the importance of umbilical cord care, both traditionally and medically, there have been few randomized trials investigating the impact of different cord care regimen on rates of local or systemic infections, particularly in developing countries (Mullany et al 2003) Also, nursing studies and literature pertaining to the care of umbilical care relatively limited and the procedures adopted for umbilical cord care is varied. The present study intends to investigate the effectiveness of lukewarm water application on the umbilical cord of newborns in terms of occurrence of umbilical cord infection. Bain (1994) undertook a study to find the effect of four different cord care regimens in pre term babies. The evidence of the trail suggested that cleaning the cord with alcohol, wiping and dusting with sterzac powder resulted in less cord related infection and a shorter time for cord separation compared to any other cord care regimen. All these conclusive evidences prove that the policy of leaving umbilical cords untreated is not a safe practice. In many studies reported clean the umbilical cord with warm water compare than antiseptic solution. Antiseptic solution may cause delay in healing and form the pus (NNT 2010). Zupan and Garner (1998) carried out a study on the effectiveness of topical agents for umbilical cord care to prevent cord care infection, illness and death in newborn infants in developed countries. They have included newborns of any gestation, using any of the following interventions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" topical antiseptic applications. Clean with warm water, Including the newborns who were born outsides well as inside the hospital, the incidence of umbil ical sepsis was2001-10 cases,2002-24case,2003- 19 cases.,2004( Jan out) -15 cases. Early onset of neonatal sepsis is clinically apparent within 72 hours of life , with an overall mortality rate of 15-50% .Late onset neonatal sepsis is usually present after 72hours of life and includes nosocomially acquired infections .The overall mortality rate of late onset sepsis is 10-20% Bobak et al (1995).The UNICEF report released at the National conference on child survival and development in New Delhi, claims that out of nearly 26 million children born in India each ye1.2 million die during the first 4 weeks .This is the 30% of the 3.9 million global neonatal deaths. According to the current report (neonatal mortality) of 44/1000 live birth accounts for nearly 2/3rd of all infant deaths (death before the age of one) and nearly half of under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" five children deaths in India. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s NMR significantly from 69/1000 live births in 1980-50/1000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Å"live births in 1990 .In recent years NMR has remained static only dropping four points from 48-44/1000 live birth in 1995 and 2000.India contributes to 20% global birth and highest number of neonatal death within a country, each year, 26 million infants are born in India of these 1.2 million die during the neonatal death period before completing the first four weeks of life. Two newborns deaths occur every minute in this vast country. The current neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is around 40/1000 live birth of less than five mortality rate. Between 1995and 2000, there was only a legible decrease 4 points in NMR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from 48-44/ 1000 live birth. The tapering off the rate decline is a cause of concern requiring serious planning and newer strategies. The main causes of neonatal deaths are low birth weight and neonatal infections; maternal infections (Indian express, 2004). One million newborn infants die every day by bacterial infection which often enters the body vi a the umbilicus. The other contributing causes of umbilical cord infection includes maternal factors like maternal infections e.g. amionitis , repeated vaginal examinations during labour, duration of rupture of membrane, place of delivery, environment factors like cleanliness of the ward and caretaker with URI , technical factors like method of cord care , hand washing technique, and transfer of infant and neonatal factors like gestational age, birth condition during labor , umbilical cord infection had caused many neonatal death before aseptic technique were used. In developing countries umbilical cord infections constitute a major cause of Neonatal morbidity and pose significant risk for mortality, in the environment as the umbilical outbreaks of cord infections continue to occur even in developed nurseries (Zupan et al 2000). The traditional practices of cord care in this area include application of hot fermentation (31.5%), use of rag and latern(19.5%), use of Vaseline (9,5%) , ash/charcoal(9.3%), groundnut/palm oil (8.3%), use of powder (6.5%),and red sand (3.5%), These practices are harmful because these substances are often contaminated with bacteria and spores, thus increasing the risk of infection.(Konduga local government area of born state-2005) Traditional nursing procedures are being gradually substituted by more modern Practices. As technologic advance, Nursing practices also change. As many routine procedures like predelivery perineal shave, predelivery enema are questioned, the efficacy of the antiseptic solution usage for umbilical cord care has also become a question and a study is necessitated through comparing the existing practices with the key outcomes .Therefore, the investigator strongly felt need to do study, comparing the use of antiseptic solution with lukewarm water for umbilical cord care in order to find out the effectiveness of lukewarm water. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM An experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of umbilical cord care using lukewarm water among newborns in selected hospital at Madurai district. OBJECTIVES To assess the umbilical cord after cord care experimental group and control group. To compare the effectiveness of cord care experimental group and control group. To find the association between experimental group with selected demographic variables To find the association between control group with selected demographic variables. HYPOTHESIS There will be significant difference between experimental group and control group after cord care. There will be significant association between experimental group with selected demographic variables. There will be significant association between control group with selected demographic variables OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Effectiveness In this study it refers to the outcome of an experimental study indentified with help of significant difference between tests among newborns. Newborn In this study it refers to the period from birth to28 days of life is called period and the infant in this period is termed as neonate or newborn baby. Umbilical cord care with lukewarm water In this study it refers to warm water with a degree of 70-97à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚ ¦f or 26-36à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚ ¦c to clean the umbilical cord and the cord is left dry and open. ASSUMPTION Application of lukewarm water will prevent infection of the umbilical cord. Application of lukewarm water it promotes early healing of umbilical cord. DELIMITATIONS `The study is limited to the newborn of the mothers who had LSCS. The study is confined to selected hospitals. PROJECTED OUTCOME The result of the study would help the investigator to identify the effectiveness of cord care using lukewarm water among newborns. The study will help to promote a early healing of the umbilical cord and to reduce the infections. The findings on demographic variables would help to identify the factors which affect the newborns with infection CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature is an important, essential aspect of scientific treatment .It involves the systematic identification, location scrutiny and summarization of the written material that contains information on a research problem. It broadens the understanding and provides the insight necessary for the development of a broad conceptual context into which the problem fits (polit hungler, 1995). A review of related research and non- research literature was undertaken and an attempt was made to organize the materials. This includes Umbilical cord care Review on studies related to umbilical cord care using lukewarm water Review on studies related to cord care. UMBILICAL CORD CARE Umbilical cord Inspect the Umbilical cord area for the correct amount of blood vessels, two arteries and one vein. The umbilical vein is larger than the umbilical arteries. A yellow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" brown or green tinge to the cord indicates the me conium was released. The umbilical cord should be checked for bleeding or oozing during the early hours after birth. The clamp must be securely fastened with no skin caught and tissue injury. Pathophysiological background The umbilical cord is a tissue, which of consisting of two arteries and one vein covered by a mucoid connective tissue called Whartons jelly and a thin mucous membrane. During pregnancy, the placenta supplies all nutrients for fetal growth and development and removes waste products. Blood flowing through the cord brings nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and carries away carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. After birth, until the placenta separates and while the cord is still pulsating, a small volume of blood may be transfused from the placenta to the newborn. The amount transfused depends on when the cord is cut and the level at which the baby is held in relation to the mother at the time of cord clamping Umbilical cord healing process The cord darkens and shrivels as it dries and falls off within 7-14 days. The cord should be dry and not have any drainage. After the cord falls, a small pink, granulating area about a quarter of an inch in diameter may remain. This should also be left clean and dry until it has healed (about 24- 48 more hours). umbcord Umbilical cord infection In umbilical cord if the ulcerous area has remained as long as one week it indicates of sign of infection. Source of infection Unhygienic environment of delivery Contaminated cord cutting instrument Infected hands of care giver or infected clothing Causative organisms Staphylococcus E-coli Clostridium tetani Signs and symptoms Swollen and moist per umbilical tissue with redness Foul smelling Serous or purulent discharge Delayed falling of umbilical cord Fever Management Umbilical cord should leave uncovered rather than application of dressing. Systemic antibiotic is given in complicated cases. Complication Jaundice Hepatitis Peritonitis Umbilical granuloma Prevention Aseptic technique and clean practices at birth. Administration of tetanus toxoid to antenatal mothers. Prognosis Prognosis depends upon the nature of infection, intiation of management and nursing care. Prevention of umbilical cord infection is more easy and important in neonates. Cord care DOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and DONTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S Doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Cut the cord with a clean instrument. Tie the cord tightly with clean or sterile thread or clamp. Tie napkin or diaper below the umbilical cord. Donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ts Bandages are unnecessary and may delay in cord healing and introduce infection to the newborn. Alcohol cleaning may delay in healing and cause pus. Apply traditional remedies to the cord may cause infection World Health Organization,  (1999) Current standards of cord care is based on the principles of aseptic techniques. The aim of WHO to prevent the cord infections. However, the introduction of infection in neonatal care unit and well baby clinic for newborns in hospitals in the 1940s increased the risk of staphylococcal skin and cord infections by facilitating the spread of bacteria among infants in hospital. Clean the cord at birth and in the days following birth is effective in preventing cord infections and tetanus neonatrum. Clean cord care practices at birth include washing hands w ith clean water and soap before delivery and again before cutting and tying the cord, laying the newborn on a clean surface and cutting the cord with a sterile instrument and sterile clamp. Clean cord care in the postnatal period includes washing hands with clean water and soap before and after care and keeping the cord stump dry and exposed to air or loosely covered with clean clothes. If soiled, the cord should be washed with clean warm water (cleaning with alcohol seems to delay healing). The napkin should be folded below the umbilicus. REVIEW RELATED TO CORD CARE USING LUKEWARM WATER Kimberly Dow,(2010 ) reported news about the umbilical cord, After the umbilical cord is cut at birth, a stump of tissue remains attached to the umbilical cord. The cord will dry and shrinks. It is important to keep the umbilical cord stump and surrounding skin clean and dry. This cord care helps to prevent infection. It may also help the umbilical cord stump to fall off and the cord to heal 90% more quickly; gently clean the umbilical cord once a day. Soak a cotton swab in warm water. Squeeze out the excess water. Gently wipe around the sides of the cord and around it. Wipe away any wet, sticky, or dirty substances. Gently pat dry the area with a soft cloth. The stump usually falls off in a week or two but sometimes it takes longer. Continue to clean around the umbilical cord at least once a day until the cord has completely healed. Keeping the area Wyeth (2010) reported news about the umbilical cord. Keep the stump of the umbilical cord clean and dry until it falls off, which usually happens within a few weeks Clean the cord at each napkin change to help to dry out and to prevent entry of infection Wipe gently around the cord with a damp cotton swab .Keep the napkin folded below the navel area to keep the cord from being soaked with urine. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines(2010) was reported about umbilical cord Sometime between five and 15 days after birth, the cord will dry up, turn black and drop off, leaving a small wound that may take a few days to heal. It must be kept clean and dry to prevent infection. Harmful bacteria that live naturally on the skin can enter in to the cord causing infection. Avoid the traditional practice of taping a coin to retract the belly button as it may encourage infection and delay the healing process. Avoid the cord stump getting urine by folding the napkin down away from it, leaving the cord exposed to the air. If the cord gets urine, wash it off using clean warm water or just water alone. When the stump f alls off, it may shows of signs of little blood on the umbilical cord which is normal. In the past, cord stumps have been cleaned with antiseptic tissues or sprinkled with an antiseptic powder. Studies of the healing process have found no advantage to using antiseptics over simply keeping the cord clean, unless the baby is premature or in intensive care. Antiseptics also cause the cord to take longer to fall off, which causes anxiety to parents and increases the number of postnatal consultations with doctors. Satish Chandra. V.Naik etal (2009) in pune, study was to conduct impact of training of traditional birth attendants on the newborn care. The setting of the study was PHC, 45 TBAs attended 2 days training programme. Different AV- aids were used to interact the sessions by LCD, flipcharts, videoclipings. Pretest evaluation showed that there was a difference in the depth of knowledge regarding newborn care between previously trained tai and untrained tai .this difference was st atistically difference p(0.05). Umbilical cords assessed by 2 methods clean with warm water and application of herbal preparation. The results in pretest for trained TBA for warm water 17(85%) post test 19(67.8%) and application of herbal preparation for untrained TBAs pretest 26(86.6%) post test 19(67.8%). In this study the practice of keeping the umbilical cord stump clean and dry, progressively improved from 15% and 53.3%and0-52% among warm water and application herbal preparation. It reported a 25% in reduction of NMR (NNT)* Luke C Mullany.g.etal (2009) reported a study was to conduct cluster-randomized, community-based trial to assess the impact of three cord care regimens either A large community-based trial in rural southern Nepal conducted between 2002 and 2006 randomized babies within clusters to receive one of three cord care regimens: (1) 4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing for 7 of the first 10 days after birth or (2) soap and warm water cleansing for 7 of the first 10 days after birth, or (3) dry cord care. Overall, mortality among enrolled infants was 24% lower in the chlorhexidine group compared to dry cord care. Clinical evidence of a protective of warm water cleansing among this newborns subset was increased. Warm water cleansing reduced severe infection by 87% and mortality by 34% among those enrolled within 24 hours. Alam .M. Ali .etal (2008) in Bangladesh, the study conducted by cluster- randomized. Unstructured interview (n-60), structured interview (n=20), rating and ranking exercises (n=40),83% of umbilical cord care revolved around the bathing. Over all 40% of newborns are clean with warm water during newborn age of period only 9% of reported of infections and other application of cord care (83%) of reported of infections. Jane heiza in health and safety (2008) reported news about the umbilical cord is cut at birth, a stump of tissue remains attached umbilical cord. The stump gradually dries and shrivels until it falls off, usually between 1 and 2 weeks after birth. Gently clean umbilical the cord stump and the surrounding skin at least once a day and as needed during diaper changes or baths. Soak a cotton swab in warm water. Squeeze out the excess water. Gently wipe around the sides of the stump and the skin around it. Wipe away any wet, sticky, or dirty substances. Gently pat dry the area with a soft cloth. The stump usually falls off in a week or two but sometimes it takes longer. Continue to clean around the cord at least once a day until the cord has completely healed Medves JM, OBrien BA.etal (2008) reported study was to identify differences in time to cord separation and bacterial colonization when using alcohol or warm water to clean the cord area in healthy newborn infants. Randomized controlled trial designed was selected. 148 newborn infants who were enrolled within 3 hours of birth. Gestational age was 36.7 weeks and all infants had an Apgar score of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥7 at 5 minutes. Follow up was 92%. Parents were shown a video on cord care that was developed for the study. Parents applied warm water. Cleaning with 95% alcohol did not reduce umbilical cord separation time. 95% of warm water groups had reduces the infection and early healing of cord. Khatry .C.Mullany .etal (2005) in Nepal, conducted a study on the impact of umbilical cord care. The selected sample is 15123 infants were assigned randomly selected within communities, the following 3- cord regimens: cleansing with 4.0%, cleansing with warm water. The mean separation time wa s shorter in warm water (4.25days) and in chlorhexidine (5.23days). Janssen PA, Dobson. R.etal (2003) reported study was to compare cord bacterial colonization and morbidity among newborns whose cords were treated with triple dye and alcohol versus warm water. The investigator was randomly allocated 766 newborns to either 2 applications of triple dye to the umbilical cord stump on the day of birth with alcohol swabbing twice daily until the cord fell off (n = 384) or warm water cord care (n = 382). hemolytic streptococcus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Infants in the dry care group were significantly more likely to be colonized with Escherichia coli (34.2% vs. 22.1%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (69.5% vs. 50.5%), Staphylococcus aurous (31.3% vs. 2.8%), and group B streptococci (11.7% vs. 6.0%). Community health nurses were significantly more likely to observe exudates (7.4% vs. 0.3%) and foul odor (2.9% vs. 0.7%) among infants allocated to the dry care group during the home visit. Patricia A. Barbara L .etal (2003) reported study was to compare cord bacterial colonization and morbidity among newborns whose cords were treated with triple dye and alcohol versus warm water cord care. The sample was randomly selected 766 newborns to either 2 applications of triple dye to the umbilical cord stump on the day of birth with alcohol swabbing twice daily until the cord fell off (n = 384) or dry care (n = 382). The umbilical stump was colonized with {alpha}-hemolytic streptococcus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Infants in the warm water group were significantly more likely to be colonized with Escherichia coli (34.2% vs. 22.1%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (69.5% vs. 50.5%), Staphylococcus aurous (31.3% vs. 2.8%), and group B streptococci (11.7% vs. 6.0%). Community health nurses were significantly more likely to observe exudates (7.4% vs. 0.3%) and foul odor (2.9% vs. 0.7%). M. Bello .j.p Ambe etal (2005) in Kondugal, the study was conducted, the survey which was cross-sectional was conducted over eighth period. Systemic random sampling method was used to select the newborns. 400 samples was selected, majority of the mothers 74.3% delivered at home have same results for other groups. Warm water 2.0% results of infection. This will go reduce in mortality and morbidity in the newborns. Andrea guala (2003) study was reported about the time of cord separation, a controlled clinical trial was carried out of healthy full- term neonates. The study was to evaluate the cord separation. According to the hospital protocol, umbilical cord cleaned with cotton soaked warm water. This was statistically difference (p0.05) 10% of each infant groups discharge the mean time of cord separation is shorter than warm water. Luke C Mullany.g.etal (2002 ) study was conducted to assess cord care the Within a community-based, cluster-randomized study of the effects of 4.0% chlorhexidine on omphalitis and mortality risk, we aimed to describe the distribution of times to separation and the impact of topical chlorhexidine treatment on cord-separation times infants were assigned randomly within communities in southern Nepal to receive 1 of the following 3 cord-care regimens: cleansing with 4.0% chlorhexidine, cleansing warm water, or dry cord care. In intervention clusters, field workers cleansed the cord in the home on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 after birth. The mean separation time was shorter in dry cord care (4.24 days) and warm water (4.25 days) clusters than in chlorhexidine clusters (5.32 days; mean difference: 1.08 days). Cords of infants who received chlorhexidine were 3.6 times more likely to separate after 7 days. Facility-based birth and birth attendant hand-washing were associated with cord separation after 7 days of age. REVIEW RELATED TO CORD CARE. Mullany .Katz. etal (2007) reported study was to assess to umbilical cord care trial in Nepal during (2002-2005). Newborns were evaluated in the home for signs of cord infection (pus, redness, and swelling) omphalitis was identified in 954 of 17.198 newborns (5.5%) infection risk was 29%- 62% higher in infants receiving topical application , skin-skin contact (relative risk (RR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) =o.43,0.95) and hand washing (RR=0.73, 95% CI 0.64, 0.84). In this community, unhygienic newborn à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" care practices lead to continued high risk for omphalitis. Ahmadpour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"kacho.z.etal (2006) reported study was to compare the effect topical application of human milk, ethyl alcohol 96% and silver sulfadiazine on umbilical cord separation time in infants. This study was undertaken place at a primary- level newborn nursery at a university teaching hospital and a private hospital. Samples are randomly selected. Motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s milk , ethyl alcohol, silver sulfadiazine ointment for group 3 were applied to the days after umbilical cord separation. It was observed a significant difference in the mean cord separation time along the four groups. No significant complications were observed in any group. Breast milk could be substituted for topical agents for umbilical cord care. Gilson .k .etal (2006) reported large urban university hospital in Turkey and participant homes after discharge Umbilical cord care consisted of one of three methods: topical application of povidine-iodine twice daily, topical application of mothers milk twice daily, or dry care (keeping the cord dry and clean).Outcome was measured in terms of the presence or absence of omphalitis and the number of days elapsed before cord separation. An ongoing questionnaire was administered by telephone every other day after the participants left the hospital. There were no significant differences between the three groups in terms of omphalitis occurrenc e. The cultural practice of applying human milk to the umbilical cord stump appears to have no adverse effects and is associated with shorter cord separation times than are seen with the use of antiseptics. Kelley  Evens  .j.etal (2006)reported study was to compare alcohol versus natural drying for umbilical cord care in preterm infants and to examine its effects on bacterial colonization and cord detachment randomized to receive either umbilical cleansing with 70% isopropyl alcohol at each diaper change or natural drying. Umbilical stump cultures were performed at 12 to 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 days of age. A total of 109 infants were enrolled; 102 completed the study. There was significantly shorter in the natural drying group compared to the alcohol group (13.0 versus 16.0 days;  p=0.003). There were no cases of local umbilical infection in either group. It appears that natural drying is a safe and effective means of umbilical cord care in p reterm infants. Chamnanvanaki.S.etal (2005) conducted a randomized controlled trial was to compare time of cord separation, among 3 regimens of cord care at home1) triple dye, 2) alcohol, 3) no antiseptic solution.185 infants were recruited. Time to cord separation in infants of group1 was significantly longer than in group 2(p=0.036) and group 3 (p=0.003).The satisfaction score of group1 were significantly lower than group 2 and group 3.Triple dye delayed time to cord separation and was less satisfactory. The authors conclude that using alcohol or dry clean could be alternative ways of cord care at home Sezer.G (2005) conducted a quasi-experimental study to comparing topical human milk, Povidine iodine, and dry care.150 sample was selected, convenience sampling used, results there was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of omphalitis occurrence in the Povidine-iodine group, cord separation occurred of 9.9days. in the dry care and topical human milk groups, cord separation occurred at a mean of 7.7 days, respectively.Therewas a statistical relationship between the groups in terms of cord separation time (f=13.24, p0.05). Shoaeib Barrawy .J.etal (2005) conducted a quasi-experimental study that aimed to compare the use of alcohol and traditional methods of cord care with no à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"treatment approach, natural drying. A convenient sampling was selected; specially designed interview schedule was developed and utilized to collect data. Bathing baby while cord was attached carried out by all women of alcohol and natural drying groups, compared to only 28.6% of traditional methods of group. Breast feeding was significantly related to less incidence of cord infection (p=0.008) and shorter time of cord separation (p=0.002) incidence of cord infection was significantly related to using cloth diaper (p=0.005).It was significantly longer with bathing the baby while cord was attached. Ustav.matku.p.etal (2004) th e objective of the study was to evaluate the umbilical stump care in perinatological center in the Czech. An epidemiological approach was designed.The telephonic questionnaire evaluated the following methods: the treatment method used in the first after birth; the time of surgical removal, leaving the umbilical stump, after removal antibiotics are applied locally in 2 centres and antiseptics applied in 10 centres. The period after which neonates were released was or= 72 hours in 8 centers and or =96 hours in 4 centres. The current trend is to prefer a non- surgical method with spontaneous mummification and detachments of umbilical cord Zupan G.etal (2004) reported study was to assess the effects of topical cord care in preventing infection. Randomized and quasi randomized. Trials of topical cord care compared with no topical cord care, and comparisons between two different forms of care. No difference was demonstrated between cords treated with antiseptics compared with dry cord care or placebo. There was trend to reduced colonization with antibiotics compared to topical antibiotics and no treatment. Antiseptics prolonged the time to cord separation; use of antiseptics was reduced in maternal concern. The research has not shown any advantage of antibiotics or antiseptics over simply keeping the cord clean Zupan .G omari etal (2000) reported study was to assess the effects of topical cord care in preventing cord infection. Randomized and quasi- randomized trials of topical compared with no topical care, and comparison between different forms of care. No difference was demonstrated between cords treated antiseptics compared with dry cord care or placebo. There was a trend to reduced antiseptics prolonged the time to cord separation. Use of antiseptics was associated with a reduction in maternal concern about the cord. There is limited research which has not shown an advantage of antibiotics over simply keeping the cord clean. Ford L (1999) conducted a descriptive study about newborn umbilical cord treatment and healing conveniently selected 30 women who had delivered healthy newborn between39 and 42 weeks gestation .The hospital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s protocol for umbilical cord care triple dye applied once daily in the hospital and alcohol applied with every diaper change at home. The home visit, they had concerns about the infantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cord. Lacour boutte.c.etal (1999) reported study was to determine whether umbilical cord of the neonate is in accordance with the guidelines of antiseptic treatment at this age of life. Six differences groups of antiseptic products were used, corresponding to 17 distinct commercial preparations. This survey shows that a variety of umbilical cord modalities is used in this region, and that the recommendations for antiseptic treatment in young babies, are not always respected.

How to Trace Your Family Tree in Mexico

Due to hundreds of years of meticulous record-keeping, Mexico offers a wealth of church and civil records for the genealogical and historical researcher. It is also the homeland of one in every 10 Americans. Learn more about your Mexican heritage, with these steps for tracing your family tree in Mexico. Mexico has a rich history stretching back to ancient times. Archaeology sites around the country speak of ancient civilizations flourishing in what is present-day Mexico thousands of years before the arrival of the first Europeans, such as the Olmec, thought by some to be the mother culture of Mesoamerican civilization, who lived around 1200 to 800 BC, and the Maya of the Yucatan Peninsula who flourished from about 250 BC to 900 AD. Spanish Rule During the early 15th century the fierce Aztecs rose to power, maintaining dominance over the region until they were defeated in 1519 by Hernan Cortes and his group of just over 900 Spanish explorers. Called New Spain, the territory then came under control of the Spanish Crown. Spanish kings encouraged the exploration of new lands by granting conquistadors the right to establish settlements in exchange for one-fifth (el quinto real, or the royal fifth) of any treasure discovered. The colony of New Spain rapidly outgrew the initial borders of the Aztec Empire, encompassing all of present-day Mexico, as well as Central America (as far south as Costa Rica), and much of the present-day southwest United States, including all or parts of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and Wyoming. Spanish Society The Spanish continued to rule over most of Mexico until 1821 when Mexico achieved status as an independent country. During that time, the availability of inexpensive land attracted other Spanish immigrants who sought the social status afforded to land owners by Spanish society at that time. These permanent settlers gave rise to four distinct social classes: Peninsulars, or the ruling class, were people born in Spain or Portugal. To maintain the line, some men sent their wives back to Spain to give birth, to ensure that their children also achieved peninsular status.Criollos were people of pure Spanish descent who were born in New Spain. It was this group, with the support of mestizos and other lower classes, that initiated the 11 years of rebellion to claim independence for Mexico in 1821, in response to increasing taxes and regulations by the Crown.Mestizos were people of mixed blood (generally used to identify Spanish/Indian ancestry) who ranked lower than the criollos in New Spain’s social hierarchy. Most Mexicans today (more than 65%) are descended from this group.Indigenas are the native Indians of Mexico. Prior to Mexican independence, several classifications were commonly used by the Spanish to identify people with Indian ancestry, including: indio (Indian), mestizo (half Indian/half white), zambo (half-Indian/half African ) and lobo (three-quarters African/one-quarter Indian). While Mexico has welcomed many other immigrants to its shores, the majority of its population descends from the Spanish, the Indians, or are of mixed Spanish and Indian heritage (mestizos). Blacks and some Asians are also part of the Mexican population. Where Did They Live? To conduct a successful family history search in Mexico, youll first need to know the name of the town where your ancestors lived, and the name of the municipio in which the town was located. It is also helpful to be familiar with the names of nearby towns and villages, as your ancestors may have left records there as well. As with genealogy research in most countries, this step is essential. Your family members may be able to provide you with this information but, if not, there are steps to help you find the birthplace of the ancestor. The Federal Republic of Mexico is made up of 32 states and the Distrito Federal (federal district). Each state is then divided into municipios (equivalent to a U.S. county), which may include several cities, towns and villages. Civil records are kept by the municipio, which church records will generally be found in the town or village. Civil Records in Mexico (1859 - present) Civil registration records in Mexico are government-required records of births (nacimientos), deaths (defunciones) and marriages (matrimonios). Known as Registro Civil, these civil records are an excellent source of names, dates and vital events for a large percentage of the population living in Mexico since 1859. The records are not complete, however, as people did not always comply, and civil registration wasnt strictly enforced in Mexico until 1867. Civil registration records in Mexico, with the exception of the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, are maintained at the municipio level. Many of these civil records have been microfilmed by the Family History Library, and can be researched through your local Family History Center. Digital images of these Mexico Civil Registration Records are starting to be made available online for free at FamilySearch Record Search. You can also obtain copies of civil registration records in Mexico by writing to the local civil registry for the municipio. Older civil records, however, may have been transferred to the municipio or the state archive. Ask that your request be forwarded, just in case! Church Records in Mexico (1530 - present) Records of baptism, confirmation, marriage, death, and burial have been maintained by individual parishes in Mexico for almost 500 years. These records are especially useful for researching ancestors prior to 1859, when civil registration went into effect, although they may also provide information on events after that date that can not be found in the civil records. The Roman Catholic church, established in Mexico in 1527, is the predominant religion in Mexico. To research your ancestors in Mexican church records, youll first have to know the parish and city or town of residence. If your ancestor lived in a small town or village without an established parish, use a map to find nearby towns with a church that your ancestors may have attended. If your ancestor lived in a large city with several parishes, their records may be found in more than one parish. Begin your search with the parish where your ancestor lived, then expand the search to nearby parishes, if necessary. Parish church registers may record information on several generations of the family, making them an extremely valuable resource for researching a Mexican family tree. Many church records from Mexico are included in the Mexican Vital Records Index from FamilySearch.org. This free, online database indexes almost 1.9 million birth and christening and 300,000 marriage records from Mexico, a partial listing of vital records covering the years 1659 to 1905. Additional indexes of Mexican baptisms, marriages and burials from selected localities and time periods are available on FamilySearch Record Search, along with selected Catholic Church records. The Family History Library has most Mexican church records prior to 1930 available on microfilm. Search the Family History Library Catalog under the town in which your ancestors parish was located to learn what church records are available. These can then be borrowed from and viewed at your local Family History Center. If the church records you seek are not available through the Family History Library, youll need to write directly to the parish. Write your request in Spanish, if possible, including as many details as possible about the person and records you seek. Ask for a photocopy of the original record, and send a donation (around $10.00 usually works) to cover research time and copies. Most Mexican parishes accept U.S. currency in the form of cash or a cashiers check.

Homosexuality Free Essays

Many believe that higher Education leads to an increase in tolerance towards individual who are different. There are some empirical findings to support this premise; however the impact of higher education on acceptance of homosexuality has not been adequately explored. Gays and Lesbian in society face many negative attitudes. We will write a custom essay sample on Homosexuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Homosexual expression in native Africa was also present and took a variety of forms. Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned â€Å"long term, erotic relationships† called motsoalle. The first record of possible homosexual couple in history is commonly regarded as Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum, an Egyptian male couple, who lived around 2400 BCE. The pair are portrayed in a nose-kissing position, the most intimate pose in Egyptian art, surrounded by what appear to be their heirs. In Homosexual and transgender individuals were also common among other pre-conquest civilizations in Latin America, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, Quechuas, Moches, Zapotecs, and the Tupinamba of Brazil In East Asia, same-sex love has been referred to since the earliest recorded history. Homosexuality in China, known as the passions of the cut peach and various other euphemisms has been recorded since approximately 600 BCE. Homosexuality was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature. Homosexuality in Japan, variously known as shudo or nanshoku has been documented for over one thousand years and was an integral part of Buddhist monastic life and the samurai tradition. This same-sex love culture gave rise to strong traditions of painting and literature documenting and celebrating such relationships. Similarly, in Thailand, Kathoey, or â€Å"ladyboys†, have been a feature of Thai society for many centuries, and Thai kings had male as well as female lovers. While Kathoey may encompass simple effeminacy or transvestism, it most commonly is treated in Thai culture as a third gender. They are generally accepted by society, and Thailand has never had legal prohibitions against homosexuality or homosexual behavior. South Asia, The Laws of Manu, the foundational work of Hindu law, mentions a â€Å"third sex†, members of which may engage in nontraditional gender expression and homosexual activities. Europe, In regard of male homosexuality such documents depict a world in which relationships with women and relationships with youths were the essential foundation of a normal man’s love life. Same-sex relationships were a social institution variously constructed over time and from one city to another. Middle East, among some Middle Eastern Muslim cultures, egalitarian or age-structured homosexual practices were widespread and thinly veiled. The prevailing pattern of same-sex relationships in the temperate and sub-tropical zone stretching from Northern India to the Western Sahara is one in which the relationships were—and are—either gender-structured or age-structured or both. In recent years, egalitarian relationships modeled on the western pattern have become more frequent, though they remain rare. Same-sex intercourse officially carries the death penalty in several Muslim nations: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mauritania, northern Nigeria, Sudan, and Yemen. Today, governments in the Middle East often ignore, deny the existence of, or criminalize homosexuality. Homosexuality is illegal in almost all Muslim countries. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, during his 2007 speech at Columbia University, asserted that there were no gay people in Iran. However, the probable reason is that they keep their sexuality a secret for fear of government sanction or rejection by their families. Israel is considered the most tolerant country in the Middle East and Asia to homosexuals, while the Israeli city Tel Aviv has been named â€Å"the gay capital of the Middle East,† and is considered one of the most gay friendly cities in the world. The annual Pride Parade in support of homosexuality takes place in Tel Aviv. In many societies of Melanesia, especially in Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. Tel Aviv, â€Å"The gay capital of the Middle East†, Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations for LGBT tourists internationally, with a large LGBT community. American journalist David Kaufman has described the city as a place â€Å"packed with the kind of ‘we’re here, we’re queer’ vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco. The city hosts its well-known pride parade, the biggest in Asia, attracting over 100,000 people yearly. In January 2008, Tel Aviv’s municipality established the city’s LGBT Community Center, providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay athletes for the 2009 World Out games in Copenhagen. In addition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBT Film Festival. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ( LGBT ) people in the Philippines have a dinstinctive culture but limited egal rights. Gays and lesbians are generally tolerated, if not accepted within Filipino society, but there is still widespread discrimination. The most visible member of the Filipino LGBT culture, the BAKLA, are a distinct group in the Philippines. According to the 2002 YOUNG ADULT FERTILITY and SEXUALITY SURVEY, 11% of sexuality active Filipinos between the ages of 15 and 24 have had sex with someone of the same sex. In the Philippines, the term gay is used in reference to any LGBT person. For Filipino gays, the tagalog phrase, pagladlad ng kapa ( â€Å" unfurling the cape† ) or more commonly just paglaladlad ( â€Å"unfurling or unveiling† ) refers to the coming-out process, tibo, t-bird and tomboy are degoratory terms for butch lesbians just as bakla is for effeminategay men. Some lesbians, both butch and femme, use the terms magic or shunggril to refer to themselves. Neutral s;ang terms for gay men include billy boy, badette, bading and paminta ( straight – action gay man). Although legislation supporting same-sex marriage in the Philippines has been proposed several times to the Philippine legislature, none has ever been passed. How to cite Homosexuality, Essay examples

Theories of Development-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Using the Case Study discuss about the Bowblys Attachment theory and Freudian theory. Answer: Case study In the novel Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is seen as a protagonist with some grey shades in his character and he is the epitome of a tortured hero in this novel. At first he was seen as a romantic hero as his love affair is seen with Cathy, but it is also a fact that he received immense torture from Cathys elder brother (Tang Liu, 2014). Mr. Earnshaw, Cathys father took Heathcliff home one day and he was a child of a gypsy woman. For that reason Heathcliff had to bear inhuman behavior from Hindley, Cathys brother. Even Mrs. Earnshaw did not welcome him and was rather disturbed due to his arrival at the Wuthering Heights, their mansion. As a child, Heathcliff was a lonesome one and just like Hindley he was resented by Cathy too, but Cathy was a very good natured girl and soon befriended with him. Mr. Earnshaw always considered Heathcliff as his another son, but soon after his death, Hindley got the inheritance of the property and started treating Heathcliff like a servant. He even m ade him work in the fields, he was told to spend the nights at the stable (Triastuti, 2015). These are the horrific incidents that he had to go through all his childhood and teen age. After the marriage, Cathy realized that she loves wild Heathcliff more than the polished well mannered Edgar Linton. Some days later Heathcliff returns to Wuthering Heights with a huge fortune and no one knows how he acquired that kind of money. After returning to Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff was seen as a different man altogether as he came back with wrath and with desire to lay his vengeance upon the people who tortured him all through his life. Heathcliff initially made good use of Hindleys alcoholism and gambled with him and made him indebted towards him and ultimately Hindley had to mortgage his property to Heathcliff to get off the loans (Saidah, 2015). Thus, ultimately Heathcliff became the lord of the Wuthering House and misbehaved utterly with Hindley and Hindleys son Hareton, just to avenge his insults. Later on, to make Cathy jealous, Heathcliff got married with Hindleys sister and had an ill child. His wife left him and the boy was very dear to Cathys daughter Catherine (Yuhong, 2016). Cathy dies and the course of actions started to change rrapidly. After cathys death, Heathcliff became much more cruel than ever, he despised everything and he could not stand the people of Thrushcross Grunge. Then one day he found Cathys daughter Catherine is in love with his ill sickly son Linton; and he took the opportunity (Varghese, 2015). Sadly, after few days of the marriage Linton dies, and Heathcliff eventually becomes a tormented insane person who is possessed by the thoughts of Cathy (Larsson, 2013). He does not care about the world as his revenge is done all he knows is Cathy and to reach Cathy there was only one option left for him and that was death. He requested to get buried just beside Cathys grave and after his death Heathcliff was buried just beside Cathys grave and like this they reconciled after many years of torments. Character development: Bowblys Attachment Theory: This theory was proposed by John Bowbly and his belief was that premature relationships with caregivers obliging a key role in the development of child and persist in influencing the social relationships across life (Freund, Nikitin Ritter, 2009). This theory suggested the fact that children are generally born with an instinctive requirement in forming attachments. Heathcliffs entry into the home of Earnshaw was as an unfortunate orphan and was instantly being stigmatized as he was all alone in the world. In the Earnshaw household, baby Heathcliff was mainly referred to as it. The poor treatment that was meted out to him by his adopted family, especially his brother and sister states that Baby Heathcliff was unable to form any sort of attachment with the Earnshaw family. His childhood was all about starving and being homeless, however adoption did not change much of the situation for him. It became worse, as he became the product of neglect and abuse. Heathcliff was deprived of any sort of care or protection as a child, which led to his negative behavioral and motivational outline. The way Mr. Earnshaw introduces Heathcliff to his adopted family suggested the behavior that could be expected from them for the boy when he said, as dark almost as if I came from the evil and is being called gipsy by various characters in the novel. According to the attachment theory, children have a propensity to stay close and associated to their caregiver who in turn offers secure heaven and a sheltered base for investigation (Nagoshi, Brzuzy Terrell, 2012). That association never happened with Heathcliff, he was more of a beaten-down street adolescent. He was hardened by the ill-treatment offered to him by his adopted family and may be more during his orphan days. Such was the extent of ill-behavior that Heathcliff stood silent to the blows from Hindley without even shedding a tear. Hindley was the one who abused Heathcliff the most throughout his childhood. He was getting used to this, receiving the less reliable care that would in future develop him into an undecided, avoidant or muddled approach. Heathcliff can be stated as the typical victim-turned-perpetrator. Freudian Theory: Freudian interpretations can be stated as the most common of the psychological readings (Beaumont Pratt, 2011). Typical of the readings of Freud of the novel is the interpretation of Linda Gold. She administers in the symbiosis of Catherine, Edgar and Heathcliff the affiliation of Freuds id, ego and the superego. At the psychological extent, they have merged into one personality with the image of Heathcliff of the three of them covered (the unconscious) in what is fundamentally one coffin. Heathcliff, the id, articulates the most primordial drives (like sex), seeking happiness and avoiding pain. The id is generally not being affected by time and stays in the cataleptic (the origins of Heathcliff are unknown, he is dark, he scampers wild and has been primal as a child along with the mystery surrounding his three year absence). Catherine is being considered as the ego relating to other people along with society, testing the impulses of the id against realism, controlling the id that i s energetic until there is rational probability of the urges being fulfilled. Edgar is the superego, symbolizes the rules of appropriate behavior and ethics inculcated by family and society; moreover he is cultured and well civilized. As ethics, he compels Catherine in choosing between himself and Heathcliff. In the analysis of Freud, the ego needs to be male dealing successfully with the world (Ang Pridmore, 2009).. For survival, a female ego needs to live throughout males. This is performed by Catherine in recognizing egoistically with Edgar and Heathcliff, as per Gold. Heathcliff is being rejected by Catherine on the basis of more realistic evaluation of her future, clearing the social advantages of marrying him, degrading of acquiescent to her unconscious self. She expected Edgar in accepting Heathcliff in their household during her stay at Thrushcross Grange and for raising him from his corrupted state. This resulted in incorporation of her individuality- id, ego and superego- into one incorporated personality. References Ang, G. K., Pridmore, S. (2009). 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